Differentiation: f(x)\operatorname{f}'(x), dfdx\frac{d \operatorname{f}}{d x}, fx\frac{\partial \operatorname{f}}{\partial x}, f\nabla \operatorname{f}.

Before you look at any of these, please keep the following in mind: There are various fields that deal with the computation of the following objects. If you need to really compute any values involving these symbols that go beyond the very basics, it is best to consult some more advanced literature. Here are a few terms to get you started:

The code snippets in here are just very basic versions of numerical differentiation.